National Hurricane Center Forecast Verification

Updated 12 May 2023

Introduction
Forecast verification procedures
Annual NHC verification reports
Official five-year mean errors and distributions
Official error trends
Model error trends
NHC official forecast error database
Performance measures and goals
References

4. Official five-year mean errors and distributions

NOTE - Radii of NHC and CPHC forecast cone circles calculated from the past 5 years of error statistics can be found on the Definition of the NHC Track Forecast Cone page.

Due to the natural volatility in tropical cyclone track characteristics, annual errors can vary significantly from year to year. For example, years dominated by tracks through the low latitude easterly trade winds typically have relatively small annual errors. Conversely, a relatively large number of forecasts in the mid-latitude westerlies (as can occur during El Niño years) can lead to larger errors. Consequently, representative or stable error characteristics must be obtained using a longer period of record.

NHC uses a 5-year sample to define its current forecast error characteristics. Average errors for the last 5 period are given below. These verifications follow the procedures given above in Section 2 (i.e., they include the subtropical and depression stages) and the sample is homogeneous with the operational CLIPER5 and Decay-SHIFOR5 models.

Atlantic/East Pacific: Mean official track and intensity forecast errors for the 5-year period 2018-2022 (.pdf)

Central Pacific: Mean official track and intensity forecast errors for the 5-year periods 2011-2015 – 2015-2019 (.pdf)

The distributions of 5-year track and intensity errors are given graphically in the figures below.

Cumulative distribution of five-year official Atlantic basin tropical cyclone track forecast errors.

Diagram shows the percentage of official forecasts having an error less than the value along the y-axis. For example, to determine the fraction of 24 h forecasts having an error smaller than 100 n mi, find 100 n mi on the y-axis, and read across the diagram until this value intersects the red (24 h forecast) line. Then read down to obtain the percentage.

These track error distributions are used to set the size of the "forecast error cone" displayed on NHC track forecast web graphics. In these graphics, the cone represents the probable track of the center of a tropical cyclone, and is formed by enclosing the area swept out by a set of circles along the forecast track (at 12, 24, 36 hours, etc). The size of each circle is set so that two-thirds (67%) of historical official forecast errors over a 5-year sample fall within the circle. The circle radii defining the error cone in 2023 for the Atlantic basin are given in the figure above.

Cumulative distribution of five-year official Atlantic basin tropical cyclone intensity forecast errors.

Diagram shows the percentage of official forecasts having an error magnitude less than the value along the y-axis. For example, to determine the fraction of 24 h forecasts having an error smaller than 20 kt, find 20 kt on the y-axis, and read across the diagram until this value intersects the red (24 h forecast) line. Then read down to obtain the percentage.

Cumulative distribution of five-year official eastern North Pacific basin tropical cyclone track forecast errors.

Cumulative distribution of five-year official eastern North Pacific basin tropical cyclone intensity forecast errors.

Next: Official error trends

National Hurricane Center Forecast Verification

Contents

4. Official five-year mean errors and distributions